Roles of Nucleotides

• Fats and Oils
• Dietary Fat Absorption
• Hydrolysis of Triacylglyerols
• βeta‐Oxidation
• Activation: Fatty Acid ⇄ Fatty Acyl‐CoA
• Transport: The Role of Carnitine
• Fatty Acyl‐CoA: β‐Oxidation Helical Scheme
• Energy Yield from Fatty Acid Oxidation
• Odd‐Numbered Chain and Branched Fatty Acids
• Ketone Bodies

• Energy Storage
• Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
• Synthesis of Triacylglycerols
• Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Its Control
• Isoprenoid Compounds
• HMG CoA Reductase
• Mevalonate Squalene
• Squalene → Lanosterol
• Lanosterol → Cholesterol
• Cholesterol Transport, Uptake, Control

• Metabolic Oxidation and Reduction
• Overall Process of Photosynthesis
• Light Reactions
• Cyclic Electron Flow
• Z‐Scheme of Photosynthesis
• ATP Synthesis Described
• Carbohydrate Synthesis
• C‐3 Photosynthesis
• Energetics of Photosynthesis
• Photorespiration

• Reduced Nitrogen
• The Nitrogen Cycle
• Bacterial Nitrogenase
• Ammonium Utilization
• Further Fates of Incorporated Ammonia
• Urea

• Principles of Amino Acid Metabolism
• 1‐Carbon Metabolism
• Amino Acid Biosynthesis

• Roles of Nucleotides
• Purine and Pyrimidine Structures
• Salvage and Biosynthetic Pathways
• Pyrimidine Metabolism
• Deoxynucleotide Synthesis

• Metabolic Relationships
• Exercise and Metabolism
• Hormonal Regulation
• Cyclic AMP: A Second Messenger
• PI System: Another Second Messenger
• Receptors with Kinase Activity
• Hormones that Affect Gene Activity

• DNA and RNA Structures
• DNA Replication Enzymes
• DNA Repair
• DNA Recombination and Repair

• Gene Expression
• DNA and Information
• DNA Hybridization
• Restriction Enzyme Mapping
• DNA Mapping
• Southern Blotting
• Molecular Cloning
• Identifying Specific Library Sequences
• The Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA Sequence Determination
• Genomics

• RNA Information
• RNA Functions
• Messenger RNA
• Transfer RNA
• Ribosomal RNA
• Other Information‐Processing RNAs
• Transcription Defined
• Transcription in Prokaryotes
• Transcriptional Control in Bacteria
• The Lactose Operon—A Look at Regulation

• Transcription and Translation
• Fidelity in tRNA Aminoacylation
• Initiation of Protein Synthesis
• Elongation
• Termination of Translation

• Eukaryotic Information Flow
• DNA and Genomes in Eukaryotes
• Structure of Chromatin
• Chromatin Replication
• Reverse Transcription
• Eukaryotic Gene Structure
• Eukaryotic Transcription
• RNA Processing
• Eukaryotic Translation
• Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control
• Translational Control